Whether drawing duchesses or portraying princes, John Singer Sargent – who was born in 1856 and died a hundred years ago, in 1925 – was high society’s leading portraitist. Flaunting a consummate technique, his luxurious canvases mirrored his subjects’ wealth. Yet beneath the high fashions and dazzling veneer of works such as Madame X, the daughters of Edward Darley Boit and Lady Agnew of Lochnaw, lurks a much rawer world. Sargent scandalised Parisian society and the city’s Salon with his frank depictions of human sexuality, but he was even more modern than they might have feared. This talk charts the artist’s life and his prolific output,
showing that, like the era he came to represent, Sargent was always on the cusp of seismic change.

In 1882 Gertrude Jekyll wrote a short but seminal article in The Garden in which she urged the readers to “remember that in a garden we are painting a picture”. As an accomplished watercolour artist, Miss Jekyll was familiar with the principles of using colours, but she felt that in gardens these principles “had been greatly neglected”. This talk looks at how to apply these principles in designing a border, but it also looks at the ways in which a border is different from a painting. However, it goes further than this and looks at how contemporary work of the likes of Turner, Monet, Rothko, Jackson Pollack evolved in parallel with ideas about what a garden or border should look like.

Artists have depicted multiple aspects of medicine and its practice for centuries. Often their perceptions are tempered by personal experience of sickness or chronic ill health. This talk looks at how artists as diverse as Jan Steen, Rene Magritte and L. S. Lowry have depicted the various steps in the development of modern doctoring. It is a profession that grew out of superstition and quackery before the birth of modern scientific medicine in the 19th century. The various stages in a doctor’s life from student to senior clinician are explored with insight and humour. The talk highlights the importance of the doctor patient relationship in the life of a successful doctor.

This talk introduces some women composers of the nineteenth century whose music deserves to come out of the shadow of their more famous menfolk. Among them are Fanny Mendelssohn and Clara Schumann, who were celebrated musicians in their day, but even then, as now their music tended to be eclipsed by that of Felix and Robert. Louise Farrenc deserves to be better known as a
composer, rather than the wife of the founder of Farrenc the music publishers. Alma Mahler, a generation later, was a talented composer who gave up writing music at her husband’s insistence, until years later he relented and urged her to begin again

This lecture explores the story of the suffragettes and suffragists through their ‘pro and anti’ portrayals in cartoons, postcards and paintings - as well as their own artistic productions. It will also consider their impact on the Houses of Parliament itself and how the Parliamentary Art Collection at Westminster has responded to criticism that its own collection is too ‘male, pale and stale’. By turns amusing, infuriating, enraging and ultimately inspiring, you will come away from
this talk with a new appreciation of how the campaign for equal electoral rights was won by and through art.

Most 21st century viewers have no idea that Constable’s
exuberant, almost abstract, brush and palette-knife work shocked audiences a full 50 years before the advent of Impressionism. In fact, his handling is often so avant-garde that it is literally impossible to tell what the paint strokes depict! People are astonished to learn that he only sold 20 or so paintings to English collectors, family
and friends during his lifetime, as the rough and ‘specky’ surfaces of his canvases horrified audiences with their lack of ‘finish’. By contrast, he sold many pictures to
forward-looking Parisian art dealers and French collectors.

Learn how one company came to control the world's flow of diamonds into the marketplace for over a century.  The De Beers Diamond Cartel convinced diamond miners & traders to only buy or sell via their single market channel, forming a bond so tight it was impossible to move diamonds without them.  De Beers took the jewellery market by storm with the slogan "A Diamond is Forever" voted the advertising slogan of the century. Come and learn how De Beers really did "Romance the Stone".

The UK provides some of the biggest ceremonial events in the world and arguably the best in the world but why is that? How do the military prepare for major events such as State Opening of Parliament, State Visits, National day of Remembrance, Royal Weddings or even a State Funeral? Our lecturer speaks as a past Senior Director of Music for the Household Division and the Coldstream Guards.

For the Romans, life meant getting together to eat and drink, in a pub, in a simple flat or at a banquet in a triclinium (a grand dining room). Last supper in Pompeii celebrates the Roman love affair with food and wine, in a journey from fields and vineyards to markets and shops, from tables to toilets and the tomb.

The earliest cars were purely functional and lacked even the most basic of passenger comforts. However, progress was rapid and by the mid-1920s we entered a golden age of automobile design.   A new generation of stylish cars were influenced by the Art Deco movement followed by the Streamline Moderne influenced cars of the 1930s and 40s, with aerodynamic shapes and lots of chrome detailing.  This talk covers some of the most beautiful cars ever built, and focuses on the work of the coachbuilders, who were inspired by the art movements and created ‘mobile works of art’.

Painted in 1434 by van Eyck, the Arnolfini painting is world famous. Anna Bianco attempts to interpret the painting, while explaining some of the artistic techniques of the elusive painter. How did his planned drawings convert into the finished portrait? And what was added as an afterthought? 

Actor Tyler Butterworth tells the personal story of his much-loved parents, Britain’s leading Thatcher impressionist Janet Brown, and the inimitable Carry On star Peter Butterworth. From the Great Escape to Downing Street and on through the golden age of British film & TV comedy, Tyler reveals the remarkable lives of two of Britain’s brightest comedy stars.

Historical musician and instrument maker Sophie Matthews explores the links between the visual and aural in this presentation. Drawing on the works of great painters such as Brueghel, Hogarth and Bosch, she presents a variety of images of historical woodwind instruments in their original social context. The symbolism of music from the Middle Ages to the Baroque is also explored, along with live performances of historical music upon authentic instruments. 

From the early sixties, when he left the Royal College of Art more famous than his teachers, Hockney's paintings have shown a charm and humour that sets them apart from others of his generation. From the early abstract expressionist images, through his famous Californian scenes of swimming pools to the photo-montages of the mid eighties, this lecture follows the career of an artist whose wit and imagination has never faltered.    

This lecture tells the story of the RSN’s  royal connections and especially focuses on the RSN’s role in the past five coronations: Edward VII, George V, George VI, Elizabeth II and Charles III and the work we did for each of them. Learn why the RSN made the funeral pall for Queen Victoria and of the weddings we worked on from Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester in 1935 to the Princess of Wales in 2011. 

Many have heard about the great achievements of the Italian Renaissance, but there is little acknowledgement of the artistic events that took place in Britain at that time.  Leslie Primo, an art historian lecturer at The National Gallery, will bring that period back to life exploring the tumultuous creative outpourings of artists that are now all but lost to us, such as Girolamo da Treviso (active circa 1497 – 1544). Spanning a period from the late 15th century through to the early 17th century, this lecture will explore the successes, conflicts, and tensions between indigenous and incoming artists.

Note: This lecture is at 7:15pm for 7:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

The Cotswolds became one of the most vibrant rural centres of the Arts and Crafts Movement. Groups of radical designers and makers settled in the region, from Ernest Gimson and the Barnsleys, to C R Ashbee’s Guild of Handicraft, and designers drawn from Birmingham. This talk by Kirsty Hartsiotis explores all areas of their work from country houses to churches to utopian communities.

Note: This lecture is at 7:15pm for 7:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

The auction house is the public face of the art market. When the hammer falls, the price of an artwork can make headlines around the world, astounding and confounding many. Grant Ford, an Antiques Roadshow presenter, will look at the origins and development of London’s great auction houses, studying the notable characters in their histories, exploring the controversies, and mapping their growth over 200 years from small individual enterprises to monolithic international institutions.

Note: This lecture is at 7:15pm for 7:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

Born in St. Petersburg in 1906, Dmitry Shostakovich became a celebrity at the age of 19 with his First Symphony. Thereafter came extraordinary success but a difficult life in the public eye. This lecture explores how he preserved his artistic integrity under Stalin, when his music received censure and ovations in equal measure. In powerfully moving works, transcending their times, he bore steadfast witness to hatred and tyranny, and became an incomparable voice of the people. Rosamund Bartlett, a cultural historian, has written and lectured widely on Russian music and taken part in many BBC radio broadcasts for 'Opera on 3' and the Proms.

Note: This lecture is at 7:15pm for 7:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

'To see clearly is poetry, prophecy, religion, all in one’. Suzanne Fagence Cooper asks what can we learn from John Ruskin? The visionary Victorian artist and critic imagined new ways for 'hand, head and heart' to work together. He teaches us that buildings tell stories and transform our sense of connection to the natural world. A traveller, campaigner and philanthropist, Ruskin wanted the people of Sheffield to benefit from his ideals of lifelong learning by giving the city a marvellous collection of his favourite things: prints, geological specimens, paintings. This lecture shows us how he encourages his readers to look and linger.

Note: This lecture is at 7:15pm for 7:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

Jacqui Hyman explains how during the Victorian Era magnificent fancy dress balls became one of the grandest and most fashionable ways for an eminent hostess to make her mark and extend her influence on Society. No expense was spared, and these balls became the elite events of the year. Queen Victoria was a great fan, as were the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire. Seven hundred invitations to their 1897 Ball gave guests the opportunity to dress to impress!

Note: This lecture is at 7:15pm for 7:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

Matthew Williams, the Castle’s curator for over 25 years, examines this magnificent building and the personalities of those involved in its transformation.

Far from being a ruin, Cardiff Castle is one of the most remarkable houses in Britain, dating from the time of the Romans. Centuries of change culminated in the 1870s in a complete transformation by the Marquess of Bute and his eccentric architect William Burges, who created a ‘Feudal extravaganza’ in fifteen highly imaginative interiors, including an Arab room, a Pompeiian roof garden, and rooms with an astrological theme.

Note: This lecture is at 7:15pm for 7:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

Jacqueline Cockburn explores Gaudi’s work in detail and shows how he engaged with nature and worked with extraordinary ceramicists, iron workers, tilers, and decorative artists. We will look at his public and private buildings and his relationship with a wealthy and demanding patron. The lecture will also uncover some of the other architects working in Barcelona at the turn of the twentieth century; Domenech y Muntaner and Puig y Cadafalch.

Note: This lecture is at 2:15pm for 2:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

The City of London churches have been described as easily comparable to those in Rome and Venice, and as constituting one of the best collections of small-scale architectural gems in the world. Hilary Ratcliffe, a Blue Badge Guide for London, looks at the buildings, finds hidden places, discovers some unusual sculptures, searches out unique memorials and traditions, explores the stories and people connected with the City Churches, and uncovers what a wealth of interesting buildings and tales are to be found.

Note: This lecture is at 2:15pm for 2:30pm at Tapton Masonic Hall, Shore Lane, Sheffield S10 3BU

The Kelvingrove Museum, opened in 1901 to house a collection of local objects of interest, has since become a leading European Arts Gallery and Museum.  Art from Scotland includes works by the Glasgow Boys, Charles Rennie Macintosh and the Scottish colourists. There is also a collection of the French Impressionists and Dutch Masters paintings.

Charles Hajdamach contrasts the achievements of the two great French masters.  The cameo vases of Galle were the highlight of European glass (during the French ‘Symbolist’ movement). Lalique was originally a jeweller, but he moved into the production of glass by 1910.  He used many of the same images, but transformed them into stylish graphic designs, which continue to maintain the Lalique name in the forefront of desirable glass.

Music in the Modern Media

Tony Rawlins will talk about the popularity of classical music amongst the young; for example enhancing the ‘mood’ of a film (tension, drama etc), about how an obscure piece of 17th century German music has become a popular wedding or funeral piece, and about how classical melodies and chords have been borrowed for a large number of ‘hit’ records.

Magicians have appeared in Art throughout the last few

centuries. Ian Keable plots the association of ‘magic’ with

artistic pictures; from the tarot cards and astrology, in early

work, through cup and ball tricks in the 16th century, to

more recent times, when cartoonists delighted in linking

politicians with skulduggery, using the three card trick or

pulling a rabbit out of the hat.

“Illustrated with many wonderful works of art, this tells the extraordinary story of the rise of the son of a lawyer in Ajaccio, Corsica, to become Emperor of the French before finally being defeated and sent into exile on the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. It also attempts to explain the nature of his genius, assessing his achievements and his failures, his strengths and his weaknesses. Among the topics covered will be his marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais, his relationship with the Duke of Wellington, and his place within history. It is in some ways a very human story, but one which focuses on one of the most remarkable men who has ever lived.”

This promises to be a very interesting talk, given the current situation in Europe, and we are very grateful to Stephen for stepping in at relatively short notice due to the unavoidable withdrawal of our advertised speaker, Anna Bianco, who was to talk about the work of Van Eyck.

Although acting is now regarded as an honourable profession, as indicated by knighthoods for actors such as Laurence Olivier, John Gielgud, Edith Eva§ns and Peggy Ashcroft, this has not always been the case.  Malcolm Jones plots the road to respectability from the middle ages, when actors were often regarded as rogues and charlatans, to the current day.

Although acting is now regarded as an honourable profession, as indicated by knighthoods for actors such as Laurence Olivier, John Gielgud, Edith Eva§ns and Peggy Ashcroft, this has not always been the case.  Malcolm Jones plots the road to respectability from the middle ages, when actors were often regarded as rogues and charlatans, to the current day.

‘The secret of my influence has always been that it remained secret’. The truth of this quotation from Dali, is explained by Julia Musgrave using in-depth description of his ‘artwork’.  In the broadest sense, since he was artist, sculptor, architect, scientist, photographer and designer.  His work always reflected that of the Renaissance artists whom he so much admired.

This lecture covers the history, methods of manufacture, and styles of medieval stained glass.  It references some of the stunning windows to be found in York, a medieval centre of excellence in the craft.  Stained glass is completely undervalued, both in terms of the technical complexity required in its manufacture and also artistically.  Our lecturer shares this incredibly fragile art form with us, as we marvel at its beauty and discover what it can reveal about the past.

Paul Chapman explains how Australian Artists have been largely neglected over recent years.  With the aid of examples of the works of such artists such as Sidney Nolan, John Olsen,  John Brock and Jeffrey Smart,  he will examine the understanding and appreciation of modern Australian art,  and its place in the history of  Western Art. 

Ann Howarth describes the background and history of Meissen porcelain; from the passion of Augustus the Strong ,(elector of Saxony) who collected ‘white gold’ of the Orient in the late 17th Century ,and who resolved to find ‘the Arcanum’ (the porcelain secret formula). The story follows its discovery by J.F.Böttinger(in nearby Meissen) through subsequent experimentation leading to the golden years of chinoiseries painted with brilliant jewel-like colours on vases and tea wares.

Marc Allum is an experienced freelance Art and Antiques expert and journalist, and has spent over 20 years as a specialist on the Antiques Road Show(on BBC TV),Here he gives a first hand insight behind the scenes at the nation’s most popular antiques programme.

This lecture presents an account of colonial Architecture in India-the buildings, their history and their future;particularly in the light of evolving attitudes in India towards the British Empire, and the recent restoration of the University of Mumbai’s Gothic Revival buildings

In the words of Francis Haskell, Professor of history at Oxford University for 28 Years, King Charles 1 owned ‘the finest collection of pictures ever assembled in this country’. This lecture shows many of his best acquisitions; including works by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, van Dyke, Rubens, Titian, Holbein and many others.

Artists were never far behind the explorers who opened up the Western states of the USA. Sometimes they painted what they saw and sometimes what they wished they had seen. Nevertheless, painters such as Alfred Miller, Frederick Church and Alfred Bierstadt have left us a powerful, if romanticised, record of what the settlers found, and these can now be used to learn about the history of the American West. They are great fun!

The Invasion of the Iberian peninsular in 711AD by the Islamic Caliphate overthrew the Christian Visgothic kingdom, and began an 800 year occupation, which ended only in 1492 when the catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabel recaptured the Kingdom of Granada. This lecture tells the story of Islamic and Christian Influences through  a description of the surviving architecture, silks, carved ivory, bronze sculptures and refined ceramics.

Mark Ovenden describes the graphic design unity, even in the 1860s and 70s expansion of the London Underground. He addresses Leslie Green’s architecture, and the arts and crafts movement, Edward Johnson’s typeface, and the moderne/Art-Deco movement. He also includes a look at more modern works, including the Elizabeth/northern-line extension to Battersea.

This lecture explores Asia’s holistic approach to medicine, which advocates a balanced relationship between body, mind and spirit. We discover more about these Eastern methods of healing through a rich diversity of artistic treasures, including exquisite Indian miniatures, rare Chinese acupuncture charts, Tibetan thangkas and Japanese woodblock prints.

Edwin Lutyens surely inherited his artistic bent from his father Charles Lutyens, and his godfather Edwin Landseer. He became an Architect of some repute. His style included a period of arts and crafts, transforming to a more artistic mode, culminating in the building of imperial Delhi. His works include the Salutation (in Kent ) and his dolls house for Queen Mary.

After facing catholic persecution in the 16th and 17th centuries, about 50,000 French Protestant Huguenots settled in Britain.  The lecture focuses on the three areas of the Arts impacted by this migration.  The Baroque style of design (Versailles), the growth of the silk industry, and the silversmiths and ceramicists who ushered in the French Rococo style in Britain.

In 1931 an earthquake destroyed the town of Napier in New Zealand.Within two years it was rebuilt in the architectural style of the day: Art Deco.

Napier was a flourishing seaport and commercial centre and we shall see (with the aid of photographic tours) how the earthquake affected the town, and view its buildings as they are today.

As  the most intimate of all art forms, this talk argues that the history of tattooing becomes a proxy  through which the broader art and cultural histories of Britain can be read; with insights into class, gender anxiety,  nationalism politics and religion.

Despite "garden-making", labelled by William Morris as one of the 'lower Arts', the cross fertilisation between painters and gardeners has resonated for at least the last two centuries.  From Prince Albert's designer W.A. Nesfield, admired by Ruskin as a superb water colourist, to Monet, who thought he was 'good only for gardening and painting'.

A download of this lecture may be found at

http://www.barnard.force9.co.uk/wine.mp4

Wine has been part of our global Society for over 7000 years. This story uses paintings, buildings, pottery and wine labels to trace the evidence that wine has played; from the cities of ancient Greece, to the hospices of Europe, and the dining tables of fine society.

http://www.barnard.force9.co.uk/wine.mp4

A recording of this lecture can be found 

http://www.barnard.force9.co.uk/wine.mp4

The lecture advertised for May has been cancelled and is replaced by
 

  Painting  Manchester: Views of the City and its Inhabitants over the Centuries

Julia Marwood

May 19th at 07.00pm

It wasn’t just Lowry who was inspired to paint Manchester, the northern powerhouse that  burst onto the world stage as Cottonpolis during the Industrial revolution.
This lecture explores the history of the city, as seen through the eyes of artists: from George Cruikshank (who was moved by the Peterloo Massacre) to Adolphe Valette, the Manchester Impressionist, and ending with Hamlia Cassell, a contemporary sculptor who had a fascination for the city’s buildings.

Art Historian and professional academic, Jacqui Ansell, will trace the links between dress and art or furniture during these periods . Such links between dress and culture, more generally, will also be addressed.

Technical art historian, and accredited paintings conservator-restorer, Sarah Cove, will describe the background to the authentification  (or otherwise) of “discovered” landscape paintings(especially, “Constables”). She is the founder and director of the Constable research project and has an International reputation in this area.

TO JOIN THE ZOOM PRESENTATION OF THIS LECTURE:

Time: Feb 17, 2021 06:40 PM London.                     Note the earlier start for the AGM

https://us02web.zoom.us/j/87121632765?pwd=THdMak9WaHlEbis1Q09HbEpFd0FmQT09

Meeting ID: 871 2163 2765

Passcode: 627539

Please note that we shall not be recording this lecture for copyright reasons.

Tonight we will hear a colourful introduction to the secret world of our 2000 mile inland waterway network. Roger Butler, landscape architect and photographer, will look at all aspects of their exceptional artistic, architectural and engineering vernacular.

Time: Jan 20, 2021 7:00 p.m.

Click below to join the Zoom Meeting

https://us02web.zoom.us/j/81809079851?pwd=Sk9RMS9wL3ZPeUsxZk5FNjBOMW0ydz09

Meeting ID: 818 0907 9851

Passcode: 809409

Art historian and academic, Helen Rufus-Ward,will describe the glories of Byzantine Art explaining why this period was never the ‘dark ages’ in terms  of the diverse richness of the mosaics, ivory carvings, holy relics, enamels and silverware.

Join the Zoom presentation

Time: Nov 18, 2020 07:00 p.m.

https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88460880509?pwd=aFI1cjVEcjA5UnZHV1l1ajFxTnN1Zz09

Meeting ID: 884 6088 0509

Passcode: 317462

This lecture explores how Raphael achieved such an amazing rise in his status from initial humble commissions in his home town of Urbino, to a leading artist at the court of Pope Julius II. And this , despite lacking the breadth of skills displayed by his contemporaries Leonardo de Vinci and Michelangelo.

This presentation will be streamed on line. These details will hold good until Thursday 22nd October.  Follow the link below or from the recent MailChimp email. 

Please click the link below to join the webinar:

https://us02web.zoom.us/j/89629089614?pwd=bnVtRDdXTlhMRmNxaDZhSmRJU1BVdz09

Passcode: lecture123

Webinar ID for those with Zoom installed: 896 2908 9614

This presentation will be streamed on line as follows:

to join the Zoom Meeting use this link from 6:50 0n 16th September 2020

https://us02web.zoom.us/j/83248165730?pwd=dnR2cnFDWE1iVWRUN1hnMUt5RDU1QT09

Meeting ID: 832 4816 5730.                                 Passcode: 133730

NB It contains copyright material and may not be recorded

Our speaker today has, for 30 years, conserved and disseminated the photographs of his trail blazing  mother, Lee Miller. He is now director of the Lee Miller Archive. His lecture recounts the life and times of his mother during the first half of the 20th C, including the war years of 1939-1945.

This talk by art historian Thomas Flynn explores some of the prevailing business practices used in the global art market today and asks important questions about the ethics at work in one of the last unregulated markets where prices seem to rise to evermore eye watering heights.

POSTPONED due to Coronavirus

Anthony Peers is a freelance historic buildings consultant who will give an account of colonial architecture in India – the buildings, their history and their future, particularly in the light of  evolving attitudes in India towards the British Empire and recent restoration of the University of Mumbai's Gothic Revival Buildings.

POSTPONED due to Coronavirus

As grandson of the founder of the independent publishing house, Tony Faber has a unique background. This lecture portrays the grandeur and taming of America's west illustrated by some of the most monumental paintings ever conceived.

Toby Faber is an author and publisher, who has written books on the mysteries of Fabergé eggs, the artistry of Stradivari and the history of Faber & Faber, the influential publishing house founded by his grandfather.

POSTPONED due to Coronavirus

Previously working for the Foreign Office and then Private Secretary to the members of the Royal Household, Oliver Everett was Librarian in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. He will guide us through the collections of Kings Charles I and II before their dispersement by Oliver Cromwell.

This talk by art historian Thomas Flynn explores some of the prevailing business practices used in the global art market today and asks important questions about the ethics at work in one of the last unregulated markets where prices seem to rise to evermore eye watering heights.

Behind the Tudors and their turbulent century, a great cultural awakening arises transforming the medieval world it replaced. Mark Cottle aims to capture something of the depth, breadth and vitality of a century discovering New Worlds as much cultural as geographical.

(2020  is the 500th Anniversary of this event)

Jo Maybutt, who is a musician and decorative artist, recounts the story of the extraordinary meeting in June 1520 of Henry VIII and Francis I to ratify the Anglo-French Alliance and celebrate the betrothal of Henry's daughter Mary to the Dauphin.

Sophie Oosterwijk, a very experienced lecturer who was born in the Netherlands, will show us that Bruegel, who died in 1569, had a far wider portfolio than the peasant paintings for which he is so well known.

Chris Alexander, who has spent much of his life living and working in Central Asia, explores the birth of the Soviet mosaic from its roots in Islamic mosaics and Communist propaganda posters through to the question of preservation in post-Soviet Central Asia.

Annual General Meeting followed by the lecture.

Anne Anderson ,who is Hon. Associate Professor at Exeter University, will outline the influence of this radical design ethos on architecture and on the manufacture of furniture and other domestic items during the 100 years since its inception.